Bab 4: Dasar Konfigurasi Nginx – Panduan Lengkap dari Sintaks hingga Directive

Mengkonfigurasi Nginx dengan benar adalah kunci agar server stabil, cepat, dan aman. Di bab ini, kita membahas semua yang perlu dipahami pemula maupun admin: struktur konfigurasi, blok utama, directive penting, lokasi file, contoh server block nyata, dan tips best practice.

Contents

1 1. Sintaks Dasar Nginx
2 2. Blok Utama dan Fungsinya
3 3. Directive Penting Nginx
4 4. Lokasi File & Direktori Nginx
5 5. Reload vs Restart Nginx
6 6. Contoh Real-World Server Block
7 Kesimpulan
8 Related Posts

1. Sintaks Dasar Nginx

Nginx menggunakan sintaks berbasis blok:

Blok: {}
Directive: diakhiri ;
Komentar: #
Include file: memungkinkan konfigurasi modular

Contoh minimal:

worker_processes auto;

events {
    worker_connections 1024;
}

http {
    include /etc/nginx/mime.types;
    default_type application/octet-stream;

    server {
        listen 80;
        server_name example.com;

        root /var/www/html/example;
        index index.html;

        location / {
            try_files $uri $uri/ =404;
        }
    }
}

Analisis:

worker_processes auto → jumlah worker menyesuaikan CPU
events → mengatur jumlah koneksi yang bisa ditangani per worker
http → blok utama HTTP server
server → virtual host per domain
location → routing path spesifik

2. Blok Utama dan Fungsinya

a. Main / Global Block

Terletak di awal file nginx.conf
Fungsi: pengaturan global server

user www-data;
worker_processes auto;
pid /run/nginx.pid;

user → user Linux yang menjalankan Nginx
worker_processes → jumlah worker proses
pid → lokasi file PID Nginx

Tips: Gunakan auto untuk worker_processes agar performa optimal sesuai jumlah core CPU.

b. Events Block

Mengatur koneksi dan worker process

events {
    worker_connections 1024;
    multi_accept on;
}

worker_connections → jumlah maksimal koneksi per worker
multi_accept → worker menerima banyak koneksi sekaligus

Best practice: Kombinasikan worker_connections x worker_processes untuk menghitung kapasitas maksimum koneksi simultan.

c. HTTP Block

Blok utama untuk HTTP server. Bisa memuat server block, caching, proxy, dan logging.

http {
    include /etc/nginx/mime.types;
    default_type application/octet-stream;

    access_log /var/log/nginx/access.log main;
    error_log /var/log/nginx/error.log warn;

    include /etc/nginx/conf.d/*.conf;
    include /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/*;
}

Catatan:

include → memuat file konfigurasi tambahan
access_log → mencatat request user
error_log → mencatat error server

d. Server Block

Blok ini mewakili virtual host/domain

server {
    listen 80;
    server_name example.com www.example.com;

    root /var/www/html/example;
    index index.html index.htm;

    location / {
        try_files $uri $uri/ =404;
    }

    location /api/ {
        proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:3000;
        proxy_set_header Host $host;
        proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
    }
}

Penjelasan:

listen → port untuk domain
server_name → nama domain yang dilayani
root → folder root website
index → file default ketika akses direktori
location /api/ → contoh reverse proxy ke backend

Best practice: Selalu set header di proxy_pass agar backend tahu request asli.

e. Location Block

Blok path spesifik dalam server block:

location /images/ {
    root /var/www/html;
}

location ~* \.(jpg|png|gif)$ {
    expires 30d;
}

Prefix match: /images/
Regex match: ~* \.(jpg|png|gif)$ → semua gambar
Bisa diatur caching, proxy, atau redirect

3. Directive Penting Nginx

Directive	Fungsi	Lokasi
`listen`	Port server	server block
`server_name`	Nama domain	server block
`root`	Folder website	server/location
`index`	File default	server block
`try_files`	Fallback jika file tidak ditemukan	location block
`proxy_pass`	Proxy ke backend	location block
`access_log`	Lokasi access log	http/server block
`error_log`	Lokasi error log	http/server block

Tips: Gunakan try_files $uri $uri/ /index.html; untuk SPA (Single Page Application).

4. Lokasi File & Direktori Nginx

/etc/nginx/
├── nginx.conf                  # konfigurasi utama
├── mime.types                   # tipe file
├── conf.d/                      # konfigurasi modular
│   └── default.conf
├── sites-available/             # semua virtual host tersedia
│   └── example.com
├── sites-enabled/               # virtual host aktif (symlink)
│   └── example.com -> ../sites-available/example.com
/var/www/html/                   # folder root website
├── index.html
/var/log/nginx/
├── access.log                   # log akses
└── error.log                    # log error

Tips:

Gunakan sites-available + sites-enabled agar mudah mengaktifkan/mematikan virtual host
Pisahkan konfigurasi tambahan di conf.d untuk modularitas

5. Reload vs Restart Nginx

Reload:

sudo nginx -t       # cek konfigurasi
sudo systemctl reload nginx

→ Memuat ulang konfigurasi tanpa memutus koneksi aktif

Restart:

sudo systemctl restart nginx

→ Menghentikan dan memulai ulang server, koneksi aktif akan terputus

6. Contoh Real-World Server Block

server {
    listen 80;
    server_name mysite.com www.mysite.com;

    root /var/www/mysite;
    index index.html index.htm index.php;

    # Static content caching
    location ~* \.(jpg|jpeg|png|gif|ico|css|js)$ {
        expires 30d;
        add_header Cache-Control "public";
    }

    # Reverse proxy untuk backend API
    location /api/ {
        proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:5000;
        proxy_http_version 1.1;
        proxy_set_header Upgrade $http_upgrade;
        proxy_set_header Connection 'upgrade';
        proxy_set_header Host $host;
        proxy_cache_bypass $http_upgrade;
    }

    # PHP-FPM handling
    location ~ \.php$ {
        include snippets/fastcgi-php.conf;
        fastcgi_pass unix:/run/php/php8.1-fpm.sock;
    }

    error_page 404 /404.html;
    location = /404.html {
        internal;
    }
}